The production of Wagner's operas is fiercely debated. In this ground-breaking stage history Patrick Carnegy vividly evokes the - often scandalous - great productions which have left their mark not only on our understanding of Wagner but on modern theatre as a whole. He examines the way in which Wagner himself staged his works, showing that the composer remained dissatisfied with even the best of his productions. After Wagner's death the scenic challenge was taken up by the Swiss visionary Adolphe Appia, by Gustav Mahler and Alfred Roller in Vienna, and by Otto Klemperer and Ewald Dulberg in Berlin. In Russia the Bolsheviks reinvented Wagner as a social-revolutionary, while cinema left its indelible imprint on the Wagnerian stage with Eisenstein's Die Walkure in Moscow in 1940. Hitler famously appropriated Wagner for his own ends. Patrick Carnegy unscrambles the interaction of politics and stage production, showing how post-war German directors sought a way to bury the uncomfortable past. He contrasts the bare-stage scenic strategy of Wieland and Wolfgang Wagner at Bayreuth with that of the East German Joachim Herz who presented the Ring as an allegory of 19th-century capitalism. The book concludes with a brilliantly perceptive critique of the iconoclastic interpretations by Patrice Chereau, Ruth Berghaus and Hans-Jurgen Syberberg.