Theory and Practice of Historical Semantics The Case of Middle English and Early Modern English Synonyms of Girl / Young Woman Grzegorz A. Kleparski Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych Lublin 1997 277 stron General Statement of Purpose The phenomenon of language change has always heen high on the agenda of linguistic studies. While early students of linguistics such as, Bechstein (1863), Paul (1880), Trench (1892), Muller (1908), devoted a lot of effort to the issue of semantic change, the postwar semantic research was, until the 1980s and 1990s, marked by a particular dearth of publications on the problems of diachronic semantics. This overall picture started to change with the advent of cognitive linguistics. New ideas soon caught on in the area of historical semantics and were put to the test by those who thought that cognitive linguistics offered the means by which historical semantic changes could be studied more successfully. In America, the tenets of the new theory were applied to the processes of semantic change by, among others, Sweetser (1985, 1990). In Europe, from the early 1980s, the problems of diachronic semantic change have been extensively dealt with by Geeraerts in a number of publications (see, for example, Geeraerts (1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1987a, 1988,1997) and Schultze (1992) and, in Poland by, among others,Kardela (1988,1992a, 1992b, 1994a, 1994b),Kardela&Kleparski (1990),Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (1992), Łozowski (1994a, 1994b, 1996) and Kleparski (1996). This thesis is concerned with meanings and development of those meanings within a well-defined group of lexical categories. In general terms, I do not believe that any available theory is capable of encompassing all the facts concerning meaning and its development. The approach I have chosen is couched in what can be called a cognitive spirit and is descriptive rather than formalistic in the sense of, for example, generative grammar. The absence of a strict formal apparatus does not mean, however, that I have attempted nothing more than semantic botanising; my aim has been an exploration of the semantic behaviour of a group of lexical categories during a strictly-defined historical period. The analysis proposed in this work is a continuation of my long-lasting interest in diachronic semantics which started with the publication of Kleparski (1986), where I tried to analyse pejorative developments in the history of English. Kleparski (1990a) offers a study of evaluative developments in the conceptual macrocategory HUMAN BEING and in Kleparski (1996) 1 narrowed my perspective to an analysis of the conceptual category BOY in O.E. and Mid.E.

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key words: język, historia językoznawstwa, history of linguistics, language, leksykografia, leksykologia, słowa, słowo, words, językoznawstwo, lingwistyka, linguistics, glottodydaktyka, Foreign Language Learning, Second Language Learning, filologia, logophiles, language didactics, semantic frames, semantyka, semantics, cognitive semantics, cognition, cognitve linguistics, kognitywistyka, cognitive science, językoznawstwo kognitywne, językoznawstwo diachroniczne, językoznawstwo synchroniczne, ekolingwistyka, mental lexicon, dictionaries, słowniki, słownik, Wörterbuch, leksyka, vocabulary, pragmatics, pragmatyka, phonetics, text linguistics, metafora, metaphors, metafory, Metaphors We Live By, George Lakoff, Metafory w naszym życiu, Krzeszowski, synekdocha, metonimia, Arystoteles, Platon, Giabanttista Vico, retoryka, rhetorics, Ivor Armstrong Richards, filozofia, philosophy, Max Black, George A. Miller, Roman Jakobson, John R. Searle, Herbert Paul Grice, implikatury konwersacyjne, Michael J. Reddy, metafora przewodu, conduit metaphor, Mark Johnson, Ronald Langacker, categorization, categories, category, mathematics, matematyka, maths, math, Brent Berlin, Paul Kay, MacLaury Robert, Kuhn Thomas, Labov William, kategoryzacja, kategorie, Wierzbicka Anna, kulturoznawstwo, kulturologia, culture studies, antropologia, anthropology, cultural anthropology, anthropological linguistics, anthropolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, językowy obraz świata, linguistic picture of the world, etnolingwistyka, poezja, poetry, literature, literatura, poetics, synonimy, synonyms, antonimy, antonyms, semantic field, pole semantyczne, lexical field, holonim, holonymy, meronymy, meronim, Wordnet, context, leksem, semantic unit, headword, hasło, index, indeks, słowniki tematyczne, tezaurusy, onomazjologia, semazjologia, conceptual dictionaries, ideography, ideografia, alfabet, skrypt, pismo, alphabet, writing, literacy, scripts, letters, symbols, icons, writing system, syllabary, signary, book, książka, symbol, reference, denotation, connotation

Key thinkers and philosophers of language: Aristotle, Arnauld, Austin, Ayer, Bakhtin, Barthes, Benveniste, Berkeley, Bernstein, Bloomfield, Boas, Bopp, Bourdieu, Brugmann, Cameron, Carnap, Chomsky, Davidson, Derrida, Descartes, Dummett, Firth, Fodor, Frege, Geach, Goodman, Greenberg, Greimas, Grice, Grimm, Halliday, Hegel, Hjelmslev, Hockett, Humboldt, Hume, Husserl, Jakobson, Jones, Kant, Katz, Kripke, Kristeva, Labov, Lacan, Leibniz, Lewis, Locke, Malinowski, Martinet, Marx, Mill, Milroy, Montague, Moore, Morris, Peirce, Piaget, Pike, Plato, Popper, Putnam, Quine, Ramsey, Rask, Russell, Ryle, Sacks, Sapir, Saussure, Searle, Sinclair, Skinner, Strawson, Tannen, Tarski, Todorov, Trubetzkoy, Whorf, Wittgenstein