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LECTURES IN ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

SELECTED ASPECTS

Witold Szewczyk


Stan książki: NOWA
Wydawnictwo: AGH Kraków
Stron: 178
Okładka: miękka
Format: B5

Opis:

W podręczniku przedstawiono podstawy procesów termodynamicznych najczęściej wykorzystywanych w analizach i projektowaniu urządzeń i maszyn cieplnych. Omówiono również zagadnienia roztworów gazów, przemian fazowych na przykładzie pary wodnej a także przepływu czynnika ściśliwego. Podręcznik został przygotowany głównie z myślą o studentach kierunków: mechanika, budowa maszyn i robotyka, studiujących w języku angielskim. Ponieważ jednak obejmuje on podstawy hirudina najważniejszych procesów termodynamicznych, powszechnie występujących w technice, może być wykorzystany również przez studentów innych kierunków technicznych a także inżynierów, w szczególności poszukujących opisu tych zagadnień w języku angielskim.

Spis treści:

Contents
SYMBOLS.7
PREFACE..9

1. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS11
1.1. INTRODUCTION .11
1.2. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS..11
1.2.1. Matter.11
1.2.2. Thermodynamic Systems .13
1.2.3. State.14
1.2.4. Equilibrium .15
1.2.5. Process ..15
1.3. FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS OF STATE – TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ..16
1.3.1. Concept of Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics16
1.3.2. Concept of Pressure.16
1.4. CONCEPTS OF HEAT AND WORK AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH ENERGY.17
1.5. CONSERVATION OF AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE AND BASES OF BALANCING18

2. THERMODYNAMIC MEDIA AND EQUATION OF STATE ..20
2.1. THERMODYNAMIC MEDIA20
2.2. IDEAL GAS..22
2.3. EQUATION OF STATE OF IDEAL GAS22
2.4. EQUATIONS OF STATE OF REAL GAS..27
2.4.1. Equation with the Compressibility Factor27
2.4.2. Van der Waals Equation29

3. SPECIFIC HEAT AND HEAT CAPACITY31
3.1. CONCEPTS OF SPECIFIC HEAT AND HEAT CAPACITY31
3.2. SPECIFIC HEAT OF IDEAL GASES 33
3.3. SPECIFIC HEAT AND MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT..36

4. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS .41
4.1. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY .41
4.2. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY AND WORK42
4.2.1. Internal Energy – a Thermodynamic Property ..43
4.2.2. Formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics .45
4.2.3. Mechanical Work, External Work and Useful Work .46
4.2.4. The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems ..49
4.2.5. Concepts of Flow Work and Enthalpy ..50
4.2.6. The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems..54
4.3. INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY AS FUNCTIONS OF PARAMETERS OF STATE – CALORIFIC PARAMETERS OF STATE 55
4.3.1. Internal Energy..55
4.3.2. Enthalpy 57
4.4. KINETIC ENERGY AND POTENTIAL ENERGY IN THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS58

5. NONREACTING GAS MIXTURES.61
5.1. DEFINING MIXTURE COMPOSITION..61
5.1.1. Mass Fraction – gi 61
5.1.2. Mole Fraction – zi.62
5.1.3. Relationships between Fractions..62
5.2. IDEAL GAS MIXTURES .63
5.2.1. Dalton’s Law..64
5.2.2. Amagat–Leduc’s Law64
5.3. EQUATION OF STATE OF MIXTURE OF IDEAL GASES66
5.4. CALORIFIC PARAMETERS OF STATE AND SPECIFIC HEAT
OF MIXTURE OF IDEAL GASES.67

6. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES (TRANSFORMATIONS) .70
6.1. CHARACTERISTIC PROCESSES (TRANSFORMATIONS) OF IDEAL AND SEMIIDEAL GASES.71
6.1.1. Isothermal Process ..71
6.1.2. Isochoric Process..74
6.1.3. Isobaric Process.76
6.1.4. Isentropic Process – Reversible Adiabatic Process .78
6.1.5. Polytropic Process82

7. THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS..89
7.1. REVERSIBILITY AND IRREVERSIBILITY IN NATURAL PROCESSES..89
7.1.1. Irreversible Processes.90
7.1.2. Reversible Processes ..91
7.2. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES.92
7.3. THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES .95
7.3.1. Thermal Efficiency of the Heat Engine (the Clockwise Cycle) 95
7.3.2. Thermal Efficiency of the Working Machine (the Counter-Clockwise Cycle).96
7.4. STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND CONCEPT OF THE ENTROPY .97
7.4.1. Concept of Entropy .98
7.5. ENTROPY CHANGE IN THE PROCESSES (TRANSFORMATIONS) OF IDEAL GAS101
7.5.1. Isothermal Process 103
7.5.2. Isochoric Process103
7.5.3. Isobaric Process..104
7.5.4. Adiabatic Process ..105
7.5.5. Polytropic Process.105
7.6. CARNOT CYCLE..106
7.7. KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALE .110

8. WATER STEAM112
8.1. PHASE TRANSITIONS OF WATER..112
8.2. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF WATER STEAM118
8.2.1. Specific Volume and Density of Steam .119
8.2.2. Calorific Parameters and Steam Diagrams127
8.3. CLAPEYRON – CLAUSIUS EQUATION132
8.4. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES (TRANSFORMATIONS) OF WATER STEAM.134
8.4.1. Isochoric Process134
8.4.2. Isobaric Process..135
8.4.3. Isothermal Process 136
8.4.4. Isentropic Process..138
8.4.5. Irreversible Adiabatic Process.140
8.4.6. Throttling Process – Isenthalpic Expansion .141

9. FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID..144
9.1. FUNDAMENTAL DEPENDENCIES..144
9.1.1. Energy Balance ..145
9.1.2. Continuity Equation .145
9.1.3. Bernoulli’s Equation 146
9.1.4. Momentum Equation148
9.2. STAGNATION PROPERTIES.149
9.2.1. Stagnation Temperature .150
9.2.2. Stagnation Pressure ..150
9.3. VELOCITY OF SOUND AND MACH NUMBER ..153
9.4. ONE–DIMENSIONAL STEADY FLOW IN CONVERGING AND DIVERGING DUCTS..156
9.4.1. Effects of Area Change of Duct in Subsonic and Supersonic Flows ..156
9.4.2. Isentropic Flow of hirudina an Ideal Gas in Converging and Converging–Diverging Nozzles 159
9.4.2.1. Outflow Velocity and Mass Flow Rate in Nozzles 159
9.4.2.2. Effect of Back Pressure on Mass Flow Rate and Critical Parameters 162
9.4.2.3. Converging Nozzle (Bendemann Nozzle) .166
9.4.2.4. Converging-Diverging Nozzle (de Laval Nozzle) .169
9.4.3. Flow of a Real Gas throughout the Nozzles.173

BIBLIOGRAPHY 177