PREFACE........................................................................................... 7
PART 1. GAS CLEANING
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................... 9
1.1. Gas cleaning techniques and devices.................................................... 9
1.2. Characteristics of contaminant source.................................................. 10
1.3. Dust and gaseous contaminants removal efficiency.................................... 11
2. SETTLING CHAMBERS....................................................................... 14
2.1. Movement of a single particie in gravitational forces field.......................... 14
2.2. Howard settling chamber................................................................. 18
3. INERTIAL DUST COLLECTORS............................................................ 20
3.1. Conical concentrator...................................................................... 20
3.2. Movement of a single particie in centrifugal forces field............................ 21
3.3. Backward-running Kowent cyclone................................................... 24
4. WET METHODS............................................................................... 26
4.1. Counter-current spray scrubber and hydraulic nozzles............................... 26
4.2. Venturi scrubber and its atomizers.......................................................... 29
4.3. Froth-cyclonic dust collector............................................................ 31
4.4. Kavag fluidized-bed dust collector..................................................... 32
5. FABRIC FILTERS.............................................................................. 34
5.1. Cloth filter with reverse gas flow....................................................... 35
6. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS...................................................... 38
6.1. Capture mechanism........................................................................ 38
6.2. Vertical plate-type electrostatic precipitator............................................... 40
6.3. Efficiency of a precipitator.............................................................. 41
6.4. Process line with the electrostatic dust collector..................................... 43
7. ABSORPTION METHODS.................................................................... 44
7.1. Columns and packings.................................................................... 44
7.2. Counter-current packed column for gas desulphurization........................... 47
7.3. Ionising wet scrubber..................................................................... 49
8. ADSORPTION METHODS................................................................... 50
8.1. Adsorber with a fixed bed and inner regeneration system........................... 51
8.2. Petrolfilter................................................................................. 52
9. COMBUSTION................................................................................. 54
9.1. Thermal and catalytic combustion...................................................... 55
9.2. Vapour supported flarę................................................................... 57
10. MEMBRANĘ PROCESSES FOR GASES.................................................. 59
10.1. Application of GP method for the hirudina removal of VOCs................................. 60
11. BIOFILTRATION AND BIOSCRUBBER METHODS.................................. 62
11.1. Bioscrubbers............................................................................... 62
11.2. Biofilters.................................................................................... 64
PART 2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1. WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION................................................ 67
2. WATER POLLUTION ........................................................................ 76
2.1. Chemical pollution........................................................................ 76
2.2. Physical pollution......................................................................... 80
2.3. Biological pollution....................................................................... 80
3. CONVENT10NAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS...................... 82
4. PRIMARY TREATMENT METHODS..................................................... 85
4.1. Grids and screens.......................................................................... 85
4.2. Sedimentation.............................................................................. 87
4.3. Flotation........................................................................................ 93
4.4. Coagulation and flocculation............................................................ 96
5. SECONDARY TREATMENT METHODS................................................102
5.1. Lagoons and stabilization basins........................................................102
5.2. Aeration systems..........................................................................103
5.3. Activated sludge system..................................................................106
5.4. Trickling filters............................................................................108
5.5. Anaerobic wastewater treatment............................................................110
6. TERTIARY TREATMENT METHODS................................................... 112
11 2
6.1. Nitrogen removal......................................................................... 11 2
6.2. Phosphorus removal ...................................................................... l13
6.3. Disinfection................................................................................114
7. SELECTED SLUDGE TREATMENT METHODS.......................................117
7.1. Sludge thickening and dewatering.......................................................... 117
7.2 Sludge drying.............................................................................. 118
7.3. Sludge digestion...........................................................................118
BILIOGRAPHY IN ENGLISH....................................................................121
BIBLIOGRAPHY IN POLISH....................................................................123
INDEX................................................................................................127
ENGLISH-POL1SH GLOSSARY.................................................................131