Charles Moraze

The Triumph of the Middle Classes

A Study of European Values in the Nineteenth Century

London 1966

Stron 430

Książka używana: bez defektów

The Triumph of the Middle Classes outlines the major political events, social changes and technical innovations which took place throughout the world from 1780 to 1880, against the background of the rise of the European bourgeoisie. Europe was at the height of its powers during this period, which saw the transition from horse to motor, from candle to electricity, from the last of the courtiers to the first of the trade unions. Professor Moraze argues that Europe's expansion, its scientific discoveries and its progress, were initiated and exploited by the middle classes. As these changes spread outwards beyond the frontiers of Europe - to the USA, Russia, India and even Japan - so the values of the European bourgeoisie spread throughout the world, thereby influencing the develop­ment of nations and cultures. This book is a major contribution to our knowledge of the nineteenth century, in which the author has brilliantly marshalled many disciplines -including history, literature, science and art - to show how, for 150 years, the European middle classes dominated both science and progress.

Contents

FOREWORDXlll

BOOK ONE: YOUNG EUROPE-OLD WORLDS, 1780

iEUROPE RISES IN THE WEST3

london-berlin: a contrast Modernism in England Tradition in Germany Elsewhere in Central Europe

PARISBETWEENTWOWORLDS DECLINEOFTHESOUTH

Revival in Spain

Italian Autumn

2PROGRESS CROSSES THE ATLANTIC36

MEDITERRANEANRUINS

The Ottoman Camp Arab Ruins Constantinople

ATLANTICACHIEVEMENTS

Servile Africa

The Awakening of Spanish America

Free Anglo-Saxon America

3THE CALL OF ASIA56

THEDISCOVERYOFINDIA

CHINAREMAINSALOOF

THESTRUGGLEFORCENTRALASIA

BOOK TWO: THE BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONS,

i[zasłonięte]780-18

4THE WEST AND ITS TOOLS77

MAN SCIENCE THELAW

5THE MIDDLE CLASSES TAKE OVER100

INDUSTRY INENGLAND GOVERNMENTINFRANCE FEUDALISMINGERMANY

6THE MAN OF 1830136

DEVELOPINGSOCIETIES

THEAESTHETICSOFPROGRESS

THE CALL OF THEPEOPLES

7THE EUROPEAN WORLDS160

THEWESTIMITATESEUROPE

England First

The United States Governed by the South

America for the Americans

Africa Not for the Africans

EUROPEANPENETRATIONOFASIA

Capitalism in India

The End of the Celestial Mandate in China

The Steppes of Central Asia

THECROSSINGOFTHEMEDITERRANEAN

Nationalism versus Islam The Birth of French Africa

BOOK THREECAPITALIST AND INDUSTRIAL EUROPE, 1840-80

8THE VICTORY OF INDUSTRY191

THERAILWAYS - CATALYSTOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

VICTORYIN1848

ITSEFFECTSONCAPITALISM

9INDUSTRIAL NATIONALISM216

ENGLISH STEEL-MASTER OF THE SEAS PRUSSIAN STEEL - MASTER OF EUROPE FRANCE BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES

10 THE TOWN-DWELLER245

THESERVANTSCIENCES THEINDUSTRIALSOCIETIES

THEDECLINEOFAESTHETICS

BOOK FOUR. THE CONQUEST OF THE WORLD, 1840-95

n THE MARITIME SUCCESSES OF WESTERN

CAPITALISM273

a triumph: the united states

Authority Passes to the North

Large-scale Capitalism, Imperialism a promise: the southern hemisphere

The Development of Australia

South Africa Becomes Industrialized

Ephemeral Industry in Peru

The Adolescence of Three Nations

Positivist Brazil a revelation: japan

12 THE CONTINENTS RESIST311

INDIAEXPLOITED,BUTNOTCONVERTED INLANDCHINAREJECTSCAPITALISM

The End of the Celestial Mandate Inland China Remains Conservative Outer China Lets in the West

RUSSIADEFENDSITSTRADITION

Ancient Russia in Search of Itself The Russian People Conquer Asia

13 CHANGES IN EUROPE AND AFRICA343

THEBURGEONINGOFINDUSTRYFROMl88oTO1895

Outward Appearances: Financial Crises

Events in France: Industrialization

Events in Germany: Phenomenal Development of Industry

Events in England: Trade Predominates

RURALLOYALTIES

The North and North-East: Modernization of Agriculture The East and South-East: Prisoners of Their History Italy: Capitalism Builds Unity Spain: Capitalism Encourages Disorder

INDUSTRIALEUROPESPREADSINTOAFRICA

The Defeat of Islam Europe's Future in Africa

The Partition of Africa

CONCLUSION

DANGER AHEAD377

ONECAPITALISMOUSTSANOTHER ASETBACKFORTHEMIDDLECLASS ASETBACKFOREUROPE ASETBACKFORNEWTON CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY395

INDEX401