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BASIC COURSE ON TECHNICAL AND FLUID MECHANICS

Andrzej T. Gierczycki, Robert Kubica

Stan książki/ek: NOWA
Wydawnictwo: POLITECHNIKI ŚLĄSKIEJ
Okładka: miekka
Stron: 234
Format: B5
Nakład:
250 egz.

Z okładki:

The textbook is addressed to students specialised in Chemical Engineering but also may be of interest for those who study chemical technology, biotechnology, chemistry and all mechanics related subjects. The book covers two important branches of technical physics viz. technical and fluid mechanics. A course of technical mechanics is divided into three parts: statics, strength of materials and machinę elements. A course of fluid mechanics is divided into two parts: fluid statics and fluid dynamics. This second edition of textbook is thoroughly changed and extended. Several completely new chapters have been added, including up-to-date basie information about CFD methods. Moreover, the most of chapters have been expanded with the addition of new figures and derivations of important equations. Finally, all figures have been redrawn using the CAD software, and therefore, their quality was improved significantly.

Key words:
• statics of a materiał body
• mechanical materiał properties and theirtesting
• strength of materials
• machinę elements
• fluid statics
• fluid dynamics
• CFD methods

Spis treści:

SYMBOLS 9
PREFACE 15
PART A. TECHNICAL MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL MECHANICS 17

1. STATICS 19
1.1. Vectors in mechanics 19
1.1.1. Types of forces 19
1.1.2. Resolution of a vector.. 21
1.1.3. Moment of a vector 22
1.1.4. Couple. 23
1.2. Axioms of statics. 24
1.3. Reduction of a system of forces.. 26
1.3.1. Reduction of a spatial system.. 26
1.3.2. Reduction of a planar system.. 28
1.3.3. Conditions of equilibrium 29
1.4. Material systems in mechanics 30
1.4.1. Degrees of freedom.. 30
1.4.2. Hypostatic, hyperstatic and isostatic systems. 31
1.5. Conventions in statics.. 32
1.5.1. Types of material structures. 32
1.5.2. Spatial and planar supports. 33
1.5.3. Loads.. 36
1.6. Solving problems in reaction determination. 38
1.7. Reduction of a system of internal forces acting in the cross section of the bar.. 38
1.8. Bending moment and shear force. 41
1.8.1. Schwedler's rule.. 42
1.9. Solving problems in internal forces determination.. 43
1.10. Main geometrical features of a bar cross section.. 43
1.10.1. First moments and moments of inertia of an area.. 44
1.10.2. Parallel axes theorem.. 47
1.11. Friction phenomenon 48
1.11.1. Coulomb's experiment.. 49
1.11.2. Rolling friction 51
1.11.3. Belt friction.. 52

2. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 55
2.1. Basic issues. 55
2.1.1. Principle of solidification 55
2.1.2. Concept of stress, state of stress tensor and strain 55
2.1.3. Permissible stress method.. 58
2.2. Main tasks of strength of materials.. 58
2.3. Hooke'slaw.. 59
2.4. Mechanical properties of materials 59
2.4.1. Tension test.. 59
2.4.2. Compression test.. 61
2.4.3. Hardness tests 61
2.4.4. Impact strength test.. 63
2.4.5. Creep phenomenon. Relaxation of stresses 63
2.4.6. Fatigue phenomenon 65
2.5. Simple cases of stresses. 67
2.5.1. Uniaxial hirudina tension or compression. 67
2.5.2. De Saint Venant's rule. 69
2.5.3. Concentration of stresses.. 70
2.5.4. Torsion of bars of axisymmetrical cross-section area.. 71
2.5.5. Torsion of bars with unrestricted shape of cross-section area . 75
2.5.6. Pure and symmetric bending 79
2.5.7. Skew bending 85
2.5.8. Bending deflection of beams. 86
2.5.9. Pure shear.. 88
2.5.10. Simple cases of stresses - a summary. 90
2.6. Effort of materials. Strength theories.. 91
2.6.1. Concept of reduced stress.. 92
2.6.2. Strength hypotheses.. 92
2.6.3. Simultaneous bending and torsion as a case of compound stresses. 93
2.7. Stresses in axisymmetrical shells. 94

3. MACHINE ELEMENTS. 98
3.1. Fastenings. 98
3.1.1. Temporary fastenings. 98
3.1.2. Permanent fastenings. 99
3.2. Bearings. 100
3.2.1. Slide bearings. 100
3.2.2. Rolling bearings. 100
3.3. Power transfer systems (gears). 101
3.4. Brakes.. 102
3.5. Couplings and clutches. 103

PART B. FLUID MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS 105

1. FLUID PROPERTIES. 107
1.1. Density. 107
1.2. Viscosity.. 108
1.3. Surface tension and capillarity. 109
1.4. Classification of fluids.. 110

2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE FIELD THEORY.. 112
2.1. Steady-state and unsteady-state phenomena. 112
2.2. Gradient of a scalar..:.. 112
2.3. Divergence of a vector. 113
2.4. Curl of a vector. 113
2.5. Types of vector fields. 113

3. FORCES ACTING IN FLUID.. 115
3.1. Stress and state of stress tensor 115
3.2. Surface forces. 116
3.3. Body forces.. 117

4. FLUID STATICS.. 119
4.1. Pressure and its types 119
4.2. Devices for pressure measurements.. 120
4.2.1. Mercury barometer.. 120
4.2.2. Piezometer.. 121
4.2.3. U-tube manometer.. 121
4.2.4. Differential manometer.. 122
4.2.5. Micromanometer.. 123
4.2.6. Bourdon gauge.. 123
4.2.7. Diaphragm pressure gauge. 124
4.3. Equilibrium equation of fluid. 125
4.4. Pascal's law.. 12®
4.5. Body forces field. 127
4.5.1. Fluid at rest in the gravitational field 128
4.5.2. Fluid subjected to a linear acceleration.. 129
4.5.3. Fluid subjected to a centripetal acceleration 130
4.6. Hydrostatic thrust 132
4.6.1. Thrust on a plain area. 132
4.6.2. Hydrostatic paradox. 134
4.6.3. Thrust on a curved surface.. 134
4.7. Buoyancy and Archimedes' principle 135

5. FLUID DYNAMICS 137
5.1. Driving force of fluid flow. 137
5.2. Equation of continuity 138
5.3. Average fluid velocity 140
5.4. Laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe 141
5.4.1. Reynolds experiment and the Reynolds number.. 141
5.4.2. Turbulent flow as deterministic chaos. 142
5.4.3. Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence. 144
5.4.4. Velocity profile for laminar flow146
5.4.5. Velocity profile for turbulent flow 149
5.5. The Bernoulli equation. 150
5.6. Correction of the Bernoulli equation for fluid friction. 152
5.7. Coriolis'coefficient. 153
5.8. Cavitation phenomenon.. 154
5.9. Heating and cooling of flowing liquid155
5.10. The Eulerian equations of motion for inviscid incompressible fluid..155
5.11. The Cauchy-Lagrange equation for steady-state potential flow of compressible fluid. 159
5.12. The Navier-Stokes equation for viscous fluid. 159
5.13. Similarity theory and the Buckingham n theorem 162
5.14. Pressure losses in pipes.. 163
5.14.1. Pressure losses in straight pipes of a circular cross section . 163
5.14.2. Calculation of the friction coefficient for smooth pipes.. 165
5.14.3. Calculation of the friction coefficient for rough pipes.. 165
5.14.4. Pressure drop calculations for channels with a non-circular cross section.. 167
5.14.5. Pressure losses due to local disturbances. 168
5.15. Long-distance pipes.. 172
5.16. Water hammer. 174
5.17. Transportation of liquids. 176
5.18. Steady-state discharge of liquid from a tank 178
5.19. Unsteady-state discharge of liquid. Discharging time.. 180
5.20. Measurement of fluid flow.. 182
5.20.1. Prandtltube 182
5.20.2. Orifice meter.. 183
5.20.3. Rotameter 184
5.21. Elements of a two-phase, gas - liquid flow 185
5.21.1. Structure of a gas - liquid, two-phase flow in the vertical conduits.. 186
5.21.2. Structure of a gas - liquid, two-phase flow in the horizontal conduits. 187

6. INTRODUCTION TO CFD 190
6.1. The history of CFD in brief.. 192
6.2. Modelling procedure.. 194
6.2.1. Geometry.. 195
6.2.2. Mesh generation 196
6.2.3. Boundary conditions 201
6.2.4. Material properties 201
6.2.5. Turbulence modelling 202
6.2.6. Discrete Phase Model (DPM) 208
6.2.7. Solving. 210
6.2.8. Post-processing - results analysis.,. 214
6.3. Summary on CFD modelling.. 216

BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 219

ENGLISH-POLISH GLOSSARY. 223