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Kersti Borjars, Kate Burridge
Introducing English Grammar
London 2001
Stron XIII+311, format: 16x24 cm
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'The engagingly informal style of this excellent book brings the study of English grammar alive. I particularly admire the way in which grammatical points are copiously exemplified by quotations from real language in everyday use.' Katharine Perera, Professor of Educational Linguistics, University of Manchester
Introducing English Grammar is the ideal book for students beginning the study of grammar and language structure. Using lively examples of real language taken from magazines, newspapers, and non-standard dialects, it guides the reader step-by-step through the syntactic analysis of English sentences. Assuming no previous experience of grammatical analysis, it introduces technical terms gradually explaining them in the context of specific examples. Students are enabled to absorb the terms painlessly as a 'toolkit' for understanding and discussing language structure. Extensive exercises at the end of each chapter give ample opportunity to practise and consolidate the skills introduced. Written in line with current research in the field of grammar, this book is the perfect launch pad for further language study, but it is also suitable for students who will go on to apply their knowledge in a related field, e.g. stylistics, speech therapy or language teaching.
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction: the glamour of grammar 1
Purpose and nature of grammatical description 1
Standard English and variation 2
English rules, OK? 5
Why study English grammar? 7
The branches of linguistics 13
Exercises 14
2 The structure of sentences 16
Introduction 16
The structure of words 16
How do we know sentences have structure? 21
Constituency tests 24
Three additional tests 33
Nested constituents 34
Representing structure 38
Points to remember 41
Exercises 42
3 The words of English 45
Introduction 45
The meaning of lexical categories 45
Structural criteria 47
Major categories 49
The minor categories 70
Phrasal categories and their structure 73
Points to remember 80
Exercises 80
4 Functions within the clause 83
Introduction 83
The predicate 85
The subject 85
The object 93
The predicative complement 98
The adverbial 101
Trees 107
Points to remember 112
Exercises 112
5 Different sentence types 117
Introduction 117
Declaratives 118
Interrogatives 119
Imperatives 127
Exclamatives 133
Echoes 134
Trees 136
Points to remember 139
Exercises 139
6 The verb phrase 143
The constituency of verb strings 143
Time and tense 146
Lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs 149
Auxiliary verbs . 154
Lexical have, be and do 166
Classes of lexical verbs 168
Trees 178
Points to remember 184
Exercises 185
7 The noun phrase 188
How to spot a noun phrase 188
Who's the boss? 189
Determiners 190
Pre-modifiers 195
Pre-determiners 198
Post-modifiers 198
Complements 200
Trees 201
Points to remember 208
Exercises 209
8 Clauses within clauses 212
Clauses 212
Finite sub-clauses 215
Non-finite clauses 227
Subjectless clauses 236
Trees 238
Points to remember 244
Exercises 245
9 Beyond the sentence 248
Introduction 248
Information packaging 249
Discourse strategies 255
Points to remember 265
Exercises 265
10 Grammar at work 270
Introduction 270
Speech versus writing 270
E-Speak - somewhere between speech and writing 278
Occupational varieties 279
Points to remember 295
Exercises 296
Further reading 301
Index 305
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