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CONTENTS

 

PREFACE         xi

OUTLINE OF MAJOR EVENTS   xiii

1          INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND SOURCES      1

1.1       Historical and Religious Background            1

1.1.1    The Early Period         1

1.1.2    Persian Rule   1

1.1.3    The Greek Conquest and Ptolemaic Rule     3

1.1.4    The Seleucids and the Hellenistic Reform'   5

1.1.5    The Maccabaean Revolt        9

1.1.6    The Hasmonaean Dynasty     12

1.1.7    The Roman Yoke        14

1.1.8    The Reign of Herod the Great           16

1.1.9    A Roman Province Once Again         18

1.1.10  The Wars with Rome and their Consequences         19

1.2       The Sources: How Do We Know What We Know?    21

1.2.1    Josephus         22

1.2.2    Philo of Alexandria     23

1.2.3    The Apocrypha           24

1.2.4    The Pseudepigrapha  24

1.2.5    The Dead Sea Scrolls  25

1.3       Guide to Further Reading      26

 

2          TEXTUAL JUDAISM: THE PRIESTLY AND SCRIBAL CURRENT            29

2.1       Introduction    29

2.2       Priests and Levites     31

2.3       Priestly Rule of Judah 34

2.4       The Wise and the Intellectual Tradition       36

2.5       Scribes            37

2.6       The Pharisees 39

2.6.1    The New Testament   40

2.6.2    Rabbinic Literature    40

2.6.3    Josephus         41

2.6.4    Conclusions     43

2.7        The Sadducees          44

2.8        The Essenes   46

2.9       Conclusions     48

2.10     Guide to Further Reading      50

 

3          REVOLUTIONARYJUDAISM: THE POLITICAL AND 'MESSIANIC CURRENT   53

3.1       Introduction    53

3.2       The Maccabaean Revolt        54

3.3       The Roman Overlords            55

3.4       Revolts during the 'War of Varus'     57

3.5       The 'Fourth Philosophy' and the Sicarii         58

3.6       The Zealots and the 66-70 War         60

3.7       The Bar Kokhba Revolt          64

3.8       Messianic Expectations         66

3.9       Conclusions     69

3.10     Guide to Further Reading      70

 

4          ESCHATOLOGICAL JUDAISM:  THE APOCALYPTIC CURRENT           73

4.1       Introduction    73

4.2       Definition and Origins of Apocalypticism     74

4.3       Apocalypses and Related Literature 77

4.4       Ideas about Life after Death  78

 

4.4.1    Introduction    78

4.4.2    Resurrection of the Dead      78

4.4.3    The Immortality of the Soul   80

 

4.5       Expectations for the End of the World          81

4.6       Calculating the End time       84

 

4.6.1    The Age of the World 85

4.6.2    The Seventy-Weeks Prophecy           86

 

4.7       The Heavenly Messiah           88

4.8       Conclusions     89

4.9        Guide to Further Reading    

5          INVERTED JUDAISM: THE GNOSTIC CURRENT         94

5.1       Introduction    94

5.2       Gnostic Sources          95

 

5.2.1    Nag Hammadi Codices          95

5.2.2    Patristic Sources         95

 

5.3       The Basic Gnostic Myth         96

5.4       Manichaeans  98

5.5       Mandaeans     99

5.6       Examples of Jewish and Gnostic Parallels    100

5.6.1     Plays   on   Semitic Words    100

5.6.2    The Myth of the Fallen Angels          101

5.6.3    The Garden of Eden   104

5.6.4    Other Parallels           105

5.7       Conclusions     107

5.8        Guide to Further Reading     108

6          SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS        111

INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS          120

INDEX OF CITATIONS 121