English grammar in a nutshell (from Elementary to Advanced) [Broché]

/ Jean-Louis Cupers

Titre : English grammar in a nutshell

Type de document : texte imprimé

Auteurs : Jean-Louis Cupers, Auteur; Loriaux, Auteur

Mention d'édition : 3è éd.

Editeur : A. De Boeck (Bruxelles)

Année de publication : 1977

ISBN/ISSN/EAN : 978-2-8[zasłonięte]037-01-9

Warning: This is a brief summary of a subject about which big books have been written.

I. THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Nouns. These are words that name people, places, things, concepts, etc. More about them in parts II and III.

Pronouns. These are basically placeholders for nouns in sentences. They function grammatically just like nouns, but the things to which they refer are context-dependent. They come in several flavors:

Personal Pronouns: I, we (1st person), you (2^nd person), he, she, it, they (3^rd person).

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those. (These words can also be used as adjectives.)

Relative Pronouns: who, which, that, in phrases such as “the man who won” and “the book that I read.”

Interrogative Pronouns: who, which, what used as question words, as in “Who is she?” and “What do you want?”

There’s also the impersonal pronoun one, as in “One should get lots of sleep.”

Adjectives. These are words that modify nouns, such as small, red, and important. The articles a, an, and the are a particular type of adjective; they’re essential in English, but some languages (e.g., Hindi, Russian) get along without them.

Verbs. These are words that describe actions, states of being, etc. (The action can be abstract as well as physical, as in the word “describe” in the previous sentence.) More about them in parts II and III.

Adverbs. These are words that modify words other than nouns. Usually they modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, as the word “completely” does in these sentences:

I agree completely. (modifies the verb “agree”)

Completely happy people are rare. (modifies the adjective “happy”)

It was completely badly done. (modifies the adverb “badly”)

Occasionally they can modify other parts of speech:

He is really into Indian music. (“really” modifies the preposition “into”)

Many adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding –ly: complete, completely.

STAN: DOBRY

 

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