FERNAND BRAUDEL

CAPITALISM AND MATERIAL LIFE 1[zasłonięte]400-18

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Wydawnictwo Fontana / Collins 1975

Translated from the French by Miriam Kochan

Stron 480

Wymiary 19,5x12,5 cm

Książka w języku angielskim

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A great deal has been written lately in academic journals and periodicals about the “Annales school” of historians, and even more about its recognized leader, Fernand Braudel. Braudel's fame derives not so much from his tenure as editor of Annales: economies, societás, civilisations, as from his most significant book, published in two volumes in 1949, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (English edition published by Harper and Row: New York, 1972 and 1974). The book under review here was published nearly twenty years later, in 1967, under the title Civilisation Materielle et Capitalisme as the first of a projected two volume work, the second volume of which has not as yet appeared. - Telos (March 20, 1975 vol. 1975 no. 23 196-198)

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Fernand Braudel (24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects, each representing several decades of intense study: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries.

Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of the modern historians who have emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history. He can also be considered as one of the precursors of World Systems Theory.

Fernand Braudel is associated with the influential Annales School (La nouvelle histoire) that advocated a major break from the dominant narrative paradigm of the early twentieth century embracing an approach to history integrating the social sciences with a problem-focused history. Braudel is uniformly praised as one of the most influential historians of the twentieth century, but a hard act to follow. Braudel immersed himself into masses of materials and emerged with plausible broad-brush stories to tell, teaching others how to replicate this approach is problematic. While the Annales School has made only a small dent in the economic history curriculum in the United States, it has had much more influence on social history worldwide and on economic history in France, Europe and the rest of the world. Rondo Cameron (1989, p. 406) in speaking of Civilization and Capitalism says, "it contains a wealth of factual information, mostly correct, but the brilliance of its author's rather idiosyncratic interpretation has been exaggerated by the popular press." Whether one buys the whole quotation, one can certainly agree with Cameron that Braudel builds very idiosyncratic interpretations based upon a wealth of information, often very imaginatively used.

This essay will not pretend to cover the three volumes of Civilization and Capitalism but rather touch on some broad themes that have had influence on our understanding of world economic history. These themes include Braudel's emphasis on the economic condition of every-man, on a global approach to economic and social history, and on the process of capitalism and its geographical spread. This essay will begin with Braudel's uses of capitalism, and then take up themes from the volumes of Civilization and Capitalism.

Before dealing with capitalism, some background on Braudel's career is needed. Many consider The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (1966 English translation) published in France in 1949 as his defining work. Braudel began this research in 1923 at age twenty-one and it was envisaged as his doctoral dissertation and was to concentrate on the policies of Philip II in the form of a conventional diplomatic history. Braudel taught secondary school in Algeria from 1923 to 1932 and then lived in Brazil where he taught at the University of Sao Paulo from 1935 to 1937. During this period he kept up with developments in Paris including establishment of Annales in 1929 by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. The long gestation period of this impressive work undoubtedly had much to do with how different was the final product from the original design. Braudel says that he began to see the sense of writing a history of the Mediterranean world in discussions with Febvre circa 1927 but that he did not find models upon which to build. And then in 1934 he began to find quantitative data on ship arrivals and departures, cargoes, prices and other economic data that he felt would be the bricks and mortar of an economic and social history of the Mediterranean. By 1939 he had an outline of what he wished to say, but he was captured by the Germans in 1940 and was imprisoned for the next five years where amazingly he wrote the first draft of The Mediterranean totally from memory. The Mediterranean focuses on the history of one world region in a wide-ranging intellectual breakthrough, involving the geographic setting, transport and communications, urban and hinterland developments, trade, empires and more political themes.

In 1950 his mentor, Lucien Febvre, asked Braudel, who was then teaching at the College of Paris, to contribute a volume to a series on world history. This series was to feature a volume on "Western Thought and Belief, 1[zasłonięte]400-18," that Febvre would prepare while Braudel would focus on the development of capitalism over the same period. Febvre died before he could complete his volume. Braudel succeeded Febvre in 1956 at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes where he headed the Sixth Section, history. Braudel took responsibility for preparation of what became a three-volume series and was sole editor of the Annales during its most influential period. Braudel published the first volume of Civilization and Capitalism in 1967, and it was translated as Capitalism and Material Life, 1[zasłonięte]400-18 in 1973. Volume II, Les Jeux de l"Echange and volume III, Le Temps du Monde, were published in France in 1979; volume II was translated and published as The Wheels of Commerce in 1982 and volume III as The Perspective of the World in 1984, a year before his death. (When the three-volume set was prepared, Volume I, Les Structures du Quotidien: Le Possible et L'Impossible, was a substantially rewritten version of the 1967 edition and was published in France in 1979. The English translation, The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible, was published in 1981. That translation followed the form of the original translation, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400 - 1800, incorporating new materials and changes)

A number of centers that focus on aspects of his work were begun during Braudel's lifetime. Immanuel Wallerstein was instrumental in establishing the Fernand Braudel Center at Binghamton University (SUNY) in 1976. Their journal, Review, begun in 1977, explores a variety of issues relating to the evolution of capitalism, and the study of world systems, about which more below. The Fernand Braudel Institute in Sao Paulo is a think tank that has a strong social dimension to its studies. The economic history emerging from these centers is likely to emphasize the impact of capitalism on the social structures of society and the dependencies involved in the evolution of a worldwide economy over the past five hundred years.

• Morze Śródziemne i świat śródziemnomorski w epoce Filipa II, t. 1-2, przeł. t. 1: Tadeusz Mrówczyński i Maria Ochab, t. 2: Marcin Król i Maria Kwiecińska; wstępem opatrzyli Bronisław Geremek, Witold Kula, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie 1[zasłonięte]976-19 (wyd. 2 Warszawa: "Książka i Wiedza" 2004).
• Historia i trwanie, przeł. Bronisław Geremek, przedm. B. Geremek i Witold Kula, Warszawa: "Czytelnik" 1971 (wyd. 2 Warszawa: "Czytelnik" 1999).
• (współautorzy: Filippo Coarelli, Maurice Aymard), Morze Śródziemne. Region i jego dzieje, przeł. Maria Boduszyńska-Borowikowa, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Morskie 1982.
• Kultura materialna, gospodarka i kapitalizm XV-XVIII wiek, t. 1 - 3 Struktury codzienności - Gry wymiany - Czas świata , przeł. Maria Ochab i Piotr Graff, wstęp i red. nauk. Jacek Kochanowicz, Warszawa: Państwowe Instytut Wydawniczy 1992.
• (współautor) Morze Środziemne. Przestrzeń i historia. Ludzie i dziedzictwo, przeł. Maria Boduszyńska-Borowikowa, Barbara Kuchta, Adam Szymanowski, Warszawa: "Volumen" 1994.
• Gramatyka cywilizacji, przeł. Hanna Igalson-Tygielska, wprow. Maurice Aymard, Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa 2006.

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