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Opis:
One of the world's preeminent historians, Marc Ferro is a leading member of the Annales School of France and a recognized authority on early twentieth-century European history. For well over two decades, in volumes such as The February Revolution of 1917 and October 1917, he has demonstrated an unsurpassed skill in capturing the social and political forces that led to the Russian Revolution. Now Ferro turns his considerable talents to the biography of one of the pivotal figures of that era, Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia.
For this important new biography, Ferro has searched extensively in Russian archives to illuminate Nicholas's character. What emerges is a vivid portrait of a reluctant leader, a young man forced by the death of his father into a role for which he was ill-equipped. A conformist and traditionalist, Nicholas admired the order, ritual, and ceremony identified with the intangible grandeur of autocracy, and he hated everything that might shake that autocracy--the intelligentsia, the Jews, the religious sects. His reign, as Ferro documents, was one of continual trouble: a humiliating war with Japan; the 1905 revolution that forced Nicholas to accept a constitutional assembly, the Duma; the international crisis of 1914, leading to World War I; and finally the Revolution of 1917, forcing his abdication. Throughout, we see a Tsar who was utterly opposed to change and to the ferment of ideas that stirred his country, who felt it was his duty to preserve intact the powers God had entrusted in him. Ferro also provides an intimate portrait of Nicholas's personal life: his wife Alexandra; his four daughters, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia, sisters so close they signed letters "OTMA," the initials of their Christian names; his son and heir Alexis, who suffered from hemophilia; and the various figures in the court, most notably Rasputin, whose ability to revive the frequently ailing Alexis made him indispensable to the Tsaritsa. (Ferro recounts that, when Alexandra heard of Rasputin's murder, she collapsed in anguish, certain her son was lost; but when Nicholas heard the news while with the army, he simply walked off whistling cheerfully.) Perhaps most intriguing is Ferro's chapter on the fate of the Tsar and his family, examining all the rumors and contradictory testimony that swirl around this still cloudy event. Ferro concludes that Alexandra and her daughters may have survived the revolution, and the woman who later surfaced in Europe claiming to be Anastasia may well have been so.
This authoritative biography by one of the world's great historians shines a bright light on an ordinary man raised to an extraordinary station, who carried an unwanted burden, which crushed him.
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Św. Mikołaj II Aleksandrowicz Romanow, ros. Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, ur. 6 maja/18 maja 1868 w Sankt Petersburgu, zm. 16/17 lipca 1918 w Jekaterynburgu) – ostatni car Rosji, panujący w latach 1894-1917. Koronowany w Moskwie 26 maja 1896; syn Aleksandra III z dynastii Romanowów i jego żony carycy Marii Fiodorowny. Święty prawosławny.
Nicholas II (Russian: Николай II, Николай Александрович Романов, tr. Nikolay II, Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov) (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Prince of Finland, and titular King of Poland.[2] His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias[3] and he is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. Critics nicknamed him Bloody Nicholas because of the Khodynka Tragedy, Bloody Sunday, the anti-Semitic pogroms, his execution of political opponents, and his pursuit of military campaigns of a hitherto unprecendented scale. Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, including the almost total annihilation of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. As head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914, which marked the first fatal step into World War I, a war in which 3.3 million Russians would be killed,[4] thus leading to the demise of the Romanov dynasty less than three years later.
Nicholas II abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 during which he and his family were imprisoned first in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, then later in the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, and finally at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. Nicholas II, his wife, his son, his four daughters, the family's medical doctor, the Tsar's valet, the Empress' lady-in-waiting, and the family's cook were murdered in the same room by the Bolsheviks on the night of 16/17 July 1918. This led to the canonization of Nicholas II, his wife the Empress and their children as martyrs by various groups tied to the Russian Orthodox Church within Russia and, prominently, outside Russia.
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Autor:
Marc Ferro (born 1924 in Paris) is a French historian. He has worked on early twentieth-century European history, specialising in the history of Russia and the USSR, as well as the history of cinema.
He is Director of Studies in Social Sciences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales. He is a co-director of the French review Annales and co-editor of the Journal of Contemporary History.
He has also directed and presented television documentaries on the rise of the Nazis, Lenin and the Russian revolution and on the representation of history in cinema.
- La Révolution de 1917, Paris, Aubier, 1967 (réédité en 1976, puis en 1997 chez Éditions Albin Michel) )[English translation: October 1917 : a social history of the Russian revolution , translated by Norman Stone, 1980]
- La Grande Guerre, 1[zasłonięte]914-19, Paris, Gallimard, 1968, réédité 1987)[English translation: The Great War, 1[zasłonięte]914-19, translated by Nicole Stone, 1972]
- Cinéma et Histoire, Paris, Denoël, 1976 (réédité chez Gallimard en 1993)[English translation: Cinema and history, translated by Naomi Greene, 1988]
- L'Occident devant la révolution soviétique, Brussels, Complexe, 1980
- Suez, Brussels, Complexe, 1981
- Comment on raconte l'histoire aux enfants à travers le monde, Paris, Payot, 1983 (reedited in 1986 by Gallimard)
- L'Histoire sous surveillance : science et conscience de l'histoire, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1985 (reedited in 1987 by Gallimard)
- Pétain, Paris, Fayard, 1987 (reedited in 1993 et 1994)
- Les Origines de la Perestroïka, Paris, Ramsay, 1990
- Nicolas II, Payot, Paris, 1991
- Questions sur la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, Paris, Casterman, 1993
- Histoire des colonisations, des conquêtes aux indépendances (XIIIe-XXe siècle), Paris, Le Seuil, 1994
- L'internationale, Paris, Noesis, 1996
- Les sociétés malades du progrès, Paris, Plon, 1999
- Que transmettre à nos enfants (with Philippe Jammet), Paris, Le Seuil, 2000
- Les Tabous de l'histoire, Paris, Nil, 2002
- Le livre noir du colonialisme (director), Paris, Robert Laffont, 2003
- Histoire de France, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2003
- Le choc de l'Islam, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2003
- Le Cinéma, une vision de l'histoire, Paris, Le Chêne, 2003
- Les Tabous de L'Histoire, Pocket vol. 11949, NiL Éditions, Paris, 2004
- Les individus face aux crises du XXe siècle-L'Histoire anonyme, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2005
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The Annales School (French pronunciation: [anal]) is a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century. It is named after its French-language scholarly journal Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, which remains the main source of scholarship, along with many books and monographs.[1] The school has been highly influential in setting the agenda for historiography in France and numerous other countries, especially regarding the use of social scientific methods by historians, emphasis on social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and for being generally hostile to the class analysis of Marxist historiography.
The school deals primarily with the premodern world (before the French Revolution), with little interest in later topics. It has dominated French social history and influenced historiography in Europe and Latin America. Prominent leaders include co-founders Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) and Marc Bloch (1886–1944). The second generation was led by Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) and included Georges Duby (1919–1996), Pierre Goubert (1915– ), Robert Mandrou (1921–1984), Pierre Chaunu (1923–2009), Jacques Le Goff (1924– ) and Ernest Labrousse (1895–1988). Institutionally it is based on the Annales journal, the SEVPEN publishing house, the Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme (FMSH), and especially the 6th Section of the École pratique des hautes études, all based in Paris. A third generation was led by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929– ) and includes Jacques Revel,[2] and Philippe Ariès (1914–1984), who joined the group in 1978. The third generation stressed history from the point of view of mentalities, or mentalités.
The fourth generation of Annales historians, led by Roger Chartier (1945– ), clearly distanced itself from the mentalities approach, replaced by the cultural and linguistic turn, which emphasize analysis of the social history of cultural practices.
The main scholarly outlet has been the journal founded in 1929, Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale ("Annals of economic and social history"), which broke radically with traditional historiography by insisting on the importance of taking all levels of society into consideration and emphasized the collective nature of mentalities. They rejected events as less important than the mental framework that shaped decisions.
Braudel was editor of Annales from 1956 to 1968, followed by the medievalist Jacques Le Goff. However, Braudel's informal successor as head of the school was Le Roy Ladurie, who was unable to maintain a consistent focus.[citation needed] Scholars moved in multiple directions, covering in disconnected fashion the social, economic, and cultural history of different eras and different parts of the globe. By the 1960s the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world. Influence spread out from Paris, but did not come in. Much emphasis was given to quantitative data, seen as the key to unlocking all of social history.[3] However, Paris ignored the powerful developments in quantitative studies underway in the U.S. and Britain, which reshaped economic, political and demographic research in those countries, while France fell behind.[4] An attempt to require an Annales-written textbook for French schools was rejected by the government.[5] By 1980 postmodernist sensibilities undercut confidence in overarching metanarratives. As Jacques Revel notes, the success of the Annales School, especially its use of social structures as explanatory forces contained the seeds of its own downfall, for there is "no longer any implicit consensus on which to base the unity of the social, identified with the real."[6] The Annales School kept its infrastructure, but lost its mentalités.
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