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The Ethics of War and Peace
ed. Terry Nardin
1998 Princeton
286 s., 24 cm
stan dobry (resztki kleju z zerwanej nalepki z tyłu okładki)

Preface                                                                                                                 _vii

Introduction — Terry Nardin                                                              3

Part One: The Classic Debatę: Natural Law and Political Realism

Chapter 1

The Ethics of War and Peace in the Catholic Natural

Law Tradition—John Finnis                                                                15

Chapter 2

Just War Thinking in Catholic Natural Law —Joseph Boyle                 40

Chapter 3

Realism and the Ethics of War and Peace — David R. Mapel                54

Chapter 4

Realism, Morality, and War —Jeff McMahan                                        78

Part Two: Expanding the Dialogue: Judaism and Islam

Chapter 5

War and Peace in the Jewish Tradition — Michael Walzer                     95

Chapter 6

Prohibited Wars in the Jewish Tradition — Aviezer Ravitzky               115

Chapter 7

War and Peace in Islam — Bassam Tibi                                                128

Chapter 8

Interpreting the Islamie Ethics of War and Peace —

Sohail H. Hasbmi                                                                                   146

Part Three: Critical Perspectwes: Christian Pacifism and Feminism

Chapter 9

Christian Nonviolence: An Interprecation — Theodore J. Koontz         169

Chaptee 10

Conflicting Interpretations of Christian Pacifism —

Michael G. Cartwright                                                                     197

Chapter 11

Is There a Feminist Tradition on War and Peace? —

Jean Bethke Elshtain                                                                        214

Chapter 12

Toward a Feminist Ethic of War and Peace — Sarab Tobias               228

Part Four: Comparative Overview

Chapter 13

The Comparative Ethics of War and Peace — Terry Nardin               245

Chapter 14

Divine Justice, Evil, and Tradition: Comparative Reflections —

Richard B. Miller                                                                                    265

lndex                                                                                                     283

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abolitionism: defined, 169-70; historical Christian, 170-71, 184 aggression: in Islam, 131-33, 137; injuda-ism, 111-12, 119; realist justification of, 83-86; realist perception of, 59-61 Beautiful Soul: feminist realism concept of, 223; morał coiwictions of, 216-18, 238 benevolence (feminism), 234 casuistry: in Catholic natural law tradition, 42; double-effect doctrine, 44-45 dvii disobedience (natural law tradition), 32-33 combatants, in natural law tradition, 26- 27,34 competent authority, in ius ad bellum doc¬trine, 83 conduct of war: Christian pacifist position, 188-89; constraints, 258-60; Islam, 133, 161-64; injudaism, 106-10; natural law tradition, 25-26; realist position on,65-68 conformism, Islamie, 134, 135, 138, 140 conquest commandment (in halakhic tradi¬tion), 117 conscientious objeetion: natural law tradi¬tion, 48; right of, 49 defense: as justification for war, 33, 47; in polidcal realism, 55-56. See also self-defense defensive wars (Judaism), 117-18 discrimination: in conduct of war, 27; ius in bello requirement for, 88; in realist per¬ception of war, 66-67, 88-91 double-effect doctrine, 44-45, 66-67 dualism, ethical, 206 ethical thought, comparative, 9-10 ethics: Christian, 197-98; Christian paci-fism, 189-93; comparative international, 4-8; of international relations (realism), 58; in Islam, 128; of war and peace in Islam, 135, 146 ethics of care (feminism), 233-38 excuse, necessity as, 73 exemptions, Jewish permitted wars, 103-4 extremity. See morality in extremity fairness (natural law tradition), 20, 27-28, 34,251 feminism: converted to pacifism, 221; grounds for war, 253; intentions and mo-tives, 258; position on war and peace, 222, 246-47; radical, 229-33; resistance to political authority, 255-56 good life (realism), 71-72 grounds for war: Christian pacifism, 183-85, 253; feminism, 253; Islam, 131-33, 141, 155-61, 252-53; Judaism, 99-102, 251-52; natural law tradition, 20-24, 46-47, 251; realist position, 58-61 harm, intended and unintended: in prindple of double effect, 66-67; in proportionality requirement of ius ad bellum, 86-87 human action, natural law tradition, 44-45 innocence, materiał, 8 innocents. See noncombatants intention: defined, 63; realist use of term, 64. See also motive and intention Islam: conduct of war, 2 59-60; as mission of peace, 132; resistance to political author¬ity, 254; war as justification for spread of, 131-32; war/peace ethics, 246 Islamie fundamentalism, 135, 137-39, 159-61 Islamie law (sbarfa): contemporary rele-vance, 147-48; in Qur'an, 148-51; war against unbelievers, 139-40 ius ad bellum doctrine: proportionality re-quirement, 86-87; reąuirements in, 83, 86 ius in bello: discrimination requirement, 88; double-effect doctrine in, 44-45, 66-67; intended or unintended harm, 66-67; judgments of proportionality, 67-68; real¬ist position, 55; with rejeetion of double- 284 Index ius in belło (cont.) effect doctrine, 66-67; traditional under-standing of basis for, 66-68 jihad: conformist interpretation, 134-35, 138; in contemporary Islam, 146-47; fun-damentalist interpretation, 135, 137-39, 159-61; goalof, 161, 252;grounds for war in, 156-57; Islamie debatę over interpreta¬tion, 131-33, 146, 248; as just war, 146 Judaism: attention to diplomacy and war, 246; conduct of war, 260; intenrions and motives, 257; morality in extremity, 260-61; resistance to political authority, 254. See also wars, commanded (Judaism); wars, permitted (Judaism); wars, prohib-ited (Judaism) just cause: in ius ad helium doctrine, 83; in ordinary morality, 84-86; realist position, 83-84 justice, radical feminism, 21 just war: Alexander of Hales, 18; of Aąuinas, 18-19; Christian pacifist view, 189-93; discrimination as principle of, 67; doctrine of Christianity, 123; Islam, 131-33, 266; jihad as, 146; Judaism, 265-66; of natural lawtradition, 24-25,41-43, 251, 265; pre-conditions for (Alexander of Hales), 18; realist perception, 58-61; war to dissemi-nate Islam, 131; Western concept, 131. See also unjust wars last resort, in ius ad helium doctrine, 83 liberalism, feminism in, 214-15 love: as motivation of Christian pacifism, 187-88; in natural law tradition, 17 loyalty: in realism, 81; in Weak Realism, 83 maternal thinking (Ruddick), 236 messianic war, Judaism, 99 military revolution, Islam, 129-30 Moderate Realism, 81-82 morał constraints: Catholic natural law tradition, 26-28; in Islamie conduct of war, 133 moralism m foreign policy (realist view), 60-61 morality: Catholic natural law conception, 44-45, 48; concept in Strong Realism, 81; ot tem.msts, 234; in foreign policy (realist view), 60-61; in individual life, 69; at level of individual action, 81; in natural law tra¬dition, 44-45, 245; presumption against preemptive and preventive wars, 85-86; of realism, 54-55, 57, 60-61, 74, 245; realist conception of, 233-34; realist just cause, 83-86; realist views of relationship to prudence, 69; rejeetion of ius ad helium proportionaiity argument, 86 morality in extremity: Christian pacifist tradition, 189-93; in Judaism, 110-11; natural law tradition, 28-30; realist per¬ception of, 68-73 morał necessity, 72 morał norms (Aąuinas), 26 morał principles: application to individual actions, 42; formulation in terms of peace, 43; natural law tradition, 17 morał skepticism, in Strong Realism, 80 motive: defined, 63; in realist tradition, 64—65; with rejeetion of double-effect doctrine, 67 motive and intention: in Christian pacifist tradition, 187-88; in Judaism, 104-6; nat¬ural law tradition, 17-20, 44-46; realist perception, 63-65 natural law tradition: activities of differing morał character, 40-42; conduct of war, 258-59; ethical guidance of, 246; inten¬tion and motives, 256-57; morał con¬straints, 26-28; morality in extremify, 261; morał point of view in, 245 necessity of realism, 72-73 noncombatants: natural law tradition, 26-27, 34, 45; realist view of wartime fate, 55, 66, 88-91; in war, 26-27 nonviolence: attitudes of Christian pacifists, 182-83, 249; Christian, 169-73, 182-83; conception of Christian (Douglass), 204-5; grounds for war in Christian, 183-85; interpretations of Christian, 203-11; irre-sponsible (Niebuhr), 200; of Judaism and Islam, 249; natura! law tradition, 251; real¬ist bias against, 248-49; realist position, 57-58. See also pacifism nonviolent resistance: as form of Christian nonviolence, 169-73; historical Christian, 171-72 obedience (natural law tradition), 51-52 Osgood, Robert, 69 Indei 285 pacifism: in Catholic teaching, 49; defined, 169-70; feminism converted to, 221; femi-nist antiwar, 214; nonexistence of Islamie, 111, 150-51; realist position on, 57. See also nonviolence pacifism, Christian: arguments for, 199-203; conduct of war, 2 59; effect of different ty-poJogies, 197-99; grounds for war, 253; historical, 170, 184-85; intentions and motives, 258; morality in extremity, 261; position on war and peace, 246; resistance to political authority, 186, 255 partiality, 81 patriarchy, radical feminism, 231-32 patriodc reaiism, 69-70 peace: conception of Christian (Douglass), 205; idea in Judaism, Islam, and Christian-ity, 247; idea of temporary peace under Islam, 130; in Islam based on religious conversion or submission, 130; Islamie fundamentalist interpretation of, 138; Jewish interpretation of, 96-97; Mai-monides's conditions for, 116; natura! law, 41, 247; in realism, 56-57; as temporary armistices in Islam, 140 peacemaking: Douglass's conception, 205; nonvioient (Ruddick), 237 political authority: Christian pacifist resis¬tance to, 186-87; resistance to, 253-56; resistance in Judaism, 102-4; resistance in natural law tradition, 30-33, 47-52; resis¬tance in realist perception, 61-63, 253 pracdce (sunna) of Prophet Muhammad, 151-55 preemptive war (realism), 59-60, 85 preventive war (realism), 60, 85 proportionality: ius ad helium requirement, 83, 86; natural law perception, 24-25; in principle of double effect, 66-68; realist perception, 86-88 prudence: natural law tradition, 28; realist views of relationship to morality, 57-58, 69 purity of arms doctrine Oudaism), 109-10 Qur'an: Islamie law (sbari!a) in, 148-51; as source of ethics of war and peace, 128-31, 148-51 realism: central claim of, 68-69; conduct of ^ar, 2S9; criticism of, 56, 61-62; inten- tions and motives of, 257; morality in ex-tremityof, 261-62; perception of moral¬ity, 245; proportionality concept in, 67-68; resistance to political authority in, 61-63, 253; varieties of, 78-83. See aho Mod-erate Realism; patriotic realism; Strong Realism; Weak Realism reasonable hope of success, 83 reason of statc: distinction between patriotic and liberał, 61—63; patriotic (realist tradi¬tion), 69-70 repression (realism), 63 resistance: in Christian pacificism to political authority, 186-87; in Judaism to political authority, 102-4; in natural law to political authority, 30-33, 47-52; to political au¬thority, 253-56; radical feminist ethics of, 232-33; in realism to political authority, 61-63,253 restraint (Judaism), 106 right intention, in ius ad bellum doctrine, 83 rulesof war, 28-29 sabbath laws ignored (Judaism), 110 self-defense: in Judaism, 99; in natural law tradition, 19, 21-23, 33-34, 250-51; of realism, 61 self-preservation of state (realism), 68-73 separatism, radical feminism, 232 siege law Oudaism), 108-9 Spartan Mother tradition, 215-16, 229-30 state, the: concept in Islam, 140-41; in four variants of Moderate Realism, 81-83; Hobbes, 70; morality in conduct of, 68- 73; realist perception of, 57-63, 70, 73; in Wealc Realism, 83 Strong Realism: morał version of state and individual action, 79-81; nonmoral version, 80 symbolisms of evil, 270-73 theodicy, 265-70 tradition: Catholic narural law, 274; Chris¬tian pacifism, 278-79; feminism, 277-78; Islam, 275-76; Judaism, 276-77; realism, 277 unfairness. See fairness universalist egoism, in Strong Realism, 80-81 286 • Index unjust war: Islam, 131-33; Muslim versions of, 140; natural law tradition, 41 -43; when non-Muslims attack Muslims, 131 violence (Judaism), 109 war: BulFs definition, 56; Christian pacifist views, 182-83, 185, 248-50; Christian theoryof, 123-24; Clausewitz's definition, 56; concept with spread of Islam, 129; conditions to be met for war (Judaism), 99-100; defense as justification for, 33; feminist perception, 248, 250; idea in Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, 247-48; Islamie fundamentalist interpretation, 138-39;Jewish perception of, 97; justifica¬tion in natural law tradition, 33; of Maimonides, 100; morał justification under Islam, 130-33; morał justification within natural law tradition, 41-42; non-Jewish, 105; postbiblicalJewish theoryof, 123-24; radical feminist approach to, 230-31; realist perception, 56, 248; against un-believers (Islam), 137-39. See also conduct of war; grounds for war; just war; preemp-tive war; preventive war; unjust war war and peace: Catholic thinking on ethics of, 40^4, 205-6; Christian tradition, 122-24; conceptions of Christian paci-fism, 180-82; conceptions in Qur'an, 128— 31, 147-51; conformism of al-Azhar, 135-37; conformism of Moroccan Islam, 134-35; ethics of Islam, 129, 140, 141, 146, 148-51; ethics of (Ruddick), 235-38; ethics in sunna of Prophet Muhammad, 151-55; Jewish theoryof, 95-96, 122-24; natural law tradition, 15-17; of political realism, 55-57; present feminist thinking, 221-22; women's history in relation to, 215-16 wars, commanded (Judaism): by God, 111; in Jewish writings, 97-98; Maimonides, 105; violation of prohibitions in, 110-11 wars, permitted (Judaism): conditions for undertaking, 111, 252; contemporary in¬terpretation, 117-18; defensive wars, 117; grounds for, 100-101; individuals not bound to fight, 103-4; in Jewish writings, 97-98, 100; of kings of Israel, 118; three kinds, 119; traditional view, 251; two kinds, 100, 115, 119 wars, prohibited (Judaism): contemporary interpretation, 119-20; defined, 122; halakhic tradition, 116-19, 122; in Jewish religious tradition, 97-98, 115 wars of conquest (Judaism), 105-6 wartime emergencies (Judaism), 110-11 Weak Realism, 83 Women's Peace Party, 220